The role of renal resistive index as a prognostic tool in kidney transplantation: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: In kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), observational data have reported conflicting findings about the utility of renal resistive index (RRI) in determining outcomes. This study aimed to synthesize the current literature and determine the prognostic role of RRI in KTRs. METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic review to assess the role of RRI in predicting death, graft failure, graft function and proteinuria. Of the 934 titles/abstracts reviewed, 26 studies were included. There was significant heterogeneity in RRI measurements and thresholds as well as in analytical methods, and a meta-analysis could not be performed. RESULTS: All included studies were observational and included 7049 KTRs. Eight studies analyzed death, of which five reported a significant association with higher RRI. In the remaining three, small sample sizes and lower/multiple RRI thresholds may have limited detection of a statistically significant difference. Three studies investigated all-cause graft failure, and an association with RRI was reported but varied by time of RRI measurement. Three out of five studies that analyzed a composite of patient and graft outcomes reported an association with RRI. Evidence analyzing death-censored graft failure, graft failure (unclear whether death-censored or all-cause), measures of graft function and proteinuria was conflicting. Most studies had a moderate to high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: RRI likely has a prognostic role in predicting patient outcomes, reflecting patient systemic vascular disease burden rather than graft hemodynamics. Since cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death and graft loss, RRI may be explored as a noninvasive tool to risk-stratify KTRs.

Cerebral palsy in Canadian Indigenous children.

AIM: To determine whether inequities in health outcomes for Indigenous Canadians are also present in cerebral palsy (CP) by comparing CP profiles between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children. METHOD: Using the Canadian Cerebral Palsy Registry, we conducted a cross-sectional study. CP motor subtype, gross motor severity, comorbidities, perinatal adversity, preterm birth, and parental education were compared between 94 Indigenous (53 males, 41 females) and 1555 non-Indigenous (891 males, 664 females) children (all >5y). Multivariate analysis was done to analyze adverse CP factors, defined as CP gross motor severity and comorbidities. CP etiologies, either prenatal/perinatal or postnatal, were also compared. RESULTS: Indigenous children with CP have higher odds of having low parental education (odds ratio [OR] 6.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.36-11.3) and comorbidities (OR 4.46, 95% CI 1.62-12.3), especially cognitive (OR 4.52, 95% CI 2.27-9.05), communication (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.54-4.61), and feeding (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.33-3.83) impairment. Indigenous children also have higher CP gross motor severity (p=0.03). Indigenous children are also more likely to have non-accidental head injury (n=4; OR 8.18, 95% CI 1.86-36.0) as the cause of their postnatal CP. INTERPRETATION: Indigenous populations have worse health outcomes as a result of intergenerational impacts of colonization. Our study shows that Indigenous children with CP have increased comorbidities and higher CP gross motor severity, reinforcing the need for a multidisciplinary approach to management. Furthermore, targeted prevention programs against preventable causes of CP, such as non-accidental head injury, may be beneficial. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Indigenous children with cerebral palsy (CP) have more severe motor impairment and more comorbidities. Non-accidental head injury is a significant cause of postnatal CP.

Losing a diagnosis of cerebral palsy: a comparison of variables at 2 and 5 years.

AIM: This study aims to identify characteristics at 2 years of age that differ between children with confirmed cerebral palsy (CP) and a non-CP diagnosis by 5 years of age. METHOD: This was a retrospective cohort analysis. A CP diagnosis may be considered a 'probable' diagnosis at 2 years, which is often 'confirmed' at 4 or 5 years, particularly in the context of CP registries. A total of 1683 children with a diagnosis of CP or probable CP at 2 years of age were identified from the Canadian Cerebral Palsy Registry, of whom 48 received a non-CP diagnosis at 5 years ('non-confirmed CP'). Perinatal adversity, preterm birth status, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, presence of comorbidities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and initial CP motor type were compared between the two groups by univariate and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: χ2 analysis and multivariate analysis both confirmed that children with a non-CP diagnosis by 5 years of age were more likely to have a normal MRI (χ2 odds ratio [OR]=7.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.8-16.1; OR=5.4, 95% CI=2.4-12.5), ataxic-hypotonic (χ2 OR=10.1, 95% CI=4.9-21.2; OR=6.1, 95% CI=2.2-16.2) or dyskinetic CP (χ2 OR=2.7, 95% CI=1.2-5.9; OR=2.9, 95% CI=1.0-7.6), born at term (χ2 OR=3.7, 95% CI=1.7-8.0; OR=3.6, 95% CI=1.0-12.1), and lack perinatal adversity (χ2 OR=4.1, 95% CI=1.6-10.7; OR=3.4, 95% CI=1.0-11.7). INTERPRETATION: Normal MRI, ataxic-hypotonic or dyskinetic CP, lack of perinatal adversity, and term birth are associated with a higher odds of non-CP diagnosis by 5 years of age, thus potentially enhancing diagnostic work-up. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 2 years was associated with a non-cerebral palsy (CP) diagnosis by 5 years. Diagnosis of ataxic-hypotonic or dyskinetic CP motor subtype at 2 years was associated with a non-CP diagnosis by 5 years. Perinatal adversity and preterm birth were rarer with a non-CP diagnosis by 5 years.

OPORTUNIDADES DIAGNOSTICAS PERDIDAS DE PARÁLISIS CEREBRAL: UNA COMPARACIÓN DE VARIABLES A LOS 2 Y 5 AÑOS: OBJETIVO: Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar características a los 2 años de edad que diferencian a los niños con parálisis cerebral (PC) confirmada y niños sin diagnóstico de PC a los 5 años de edad. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. Un diagnóstico de PC puede considerarse como "probable" a los 2 años, lo que es con frecuencia "confirmado" a los 4 o 5 años de edad, particularmente en el contexto de los registros de PC. Se identificaron un total de 1.683 niños con diagnóstico de PC o PC probable a los 2 años de edad en el Registro Canadiense de PC, de los cuales 48 recibieron un diagnóstico de no PC a los 5 años (PC no confirmado). Se compararon entre los 2 grupos: la adversidad perinatal, prematuridad, nivel de función motora en el sistema de Clasificación Motora Gruesa (GMFCS), la presencia de comorbilidades, hallazgos en imágenes de resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN), y tipo motor inicial de PC; usando un análisis univariado y de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Tanto el análisis X2 como el multivariado confirmaron que los niños sin diagnóstico de PC a los 5 años de vida tenían más probabilidades de tener una RMN normal (X2 odds ratio [OR]= 7.8, intervalo de confianza 95 % [IC]= 3.8-16.1; OR=5.4, IC 95%= 2.4-12.5), ataxia (X2 OR=10.1, IC95%=4.9-21.2; OR=6.1, IC 95%=2.2-16.2) o PC disquinesia (X2 OR =2.7, IC 95%= 1.2-5.9; OR= 2.9, IC 95%= 1.0-7.6), nacidos a término (X2 OR=3.7, IC 95%= 1.7-8.0; OR=3.6, IC 95%=1.0-12.1), y niños sin adversidad perinatal (X2 OR=4.1, IC 95%=1.6-10.7; OR=3.4, IC 95% 1.0-11.7). INTERPRETACIÓN: La resonancia magnética normal, la PC atáxica o disquinesica, la falta de adversidad perinatal y el parto a término se asocian con una mayor probabilidad de no diagnóstico de PC a los 5 años de edad; esto refuerza el trabajo diagnóstico.

PERDENDO UM DIAGNÓSTICO DE PARALISIA CEREBRAL: UMA COMPARAÇÃO DE VARIÁVEIS AOS 2 E 5 ANOS: OBJETIVO: Este estudo visa identificar características aos 2 anos de idade que discriminem crianças com paralisia cerebral (PC) confirmada e um diagnóstico de não PC aos 5 anos de idade. MÉTODO: Esta foi uma análise de coorte retrospectiva. Um diagnóstico de PC pode ser considerado "provável" aos 2 anos, e é frequentemente confirmado aos 4 ou 5 anos, particularmente no contexto dos registros de PC. Um total de 1.683 crianças com diagnóstico de PC ou provável aos 2 anos de idade foram identificadas no Registro Canadense de Paralisia, dos quais 48 receberam um diagnóstico de não PC aos 5 anos (PC não confirmada). Adversidade perinatal, nascimento prematuro, nível I no sistema de classificação da função motora grossa (GMFCS), presença de comorbidades, achados de imagem por ressonância magnética (IRM), e tipo motor inicial de PC foram comparados entre os dois grupos por meio de análises de regressão univariada e logística. RESULTADOS: Tanto a análise de χ2 quanto a multivariada confirmaram que crianças com diagnóstico de não PC aos 5 anos de idade tinham maior probabilidade de uma IRM normal (χ2 odds ratio [OR]=7,8, intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%=3,8-16,1; OR=5,4, IC 95% =2,4-12,5), PC tipo atáxica (χ2 OR=10,1, IC 95%=4,9-21,2; OR=6,1, IC 95% =2,2-16,2) ou discinética (χ2 OR=2,7, IC 95%=1,2-5,9; OR=2,9, IC 95% =1,0-7,6), serem nascidas a termo (χ2 OR=3,7, IC 95% =1,7-8,0; OR=3,6, IC 95% =1,0-12,1), e não terem histórico de adversidade perinatal (χ2 OR=4,1, IC95% =1,6-10,7; OR=3,4, IC 95% =1,0-11,7). INTERPRETAÇÃO: IRM normal, PC tipo atáxica ou discinética, falta de adversidade perinatal, e nascimento a termo são associados com maior chance de um diagnóstico de PC não confirmado aos 5 anos de idade, o que potencialmente favorece o processo de diagnóstico.